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std::lower_bound

From cppreference.com
< cpp‎ | algorithm
 
 
Algorithm library
Constrained algorithms and algorithms on ranges (C++20)
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(C++11)                (C++11)(C++11)

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(C++11)
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(until C++17)(C++11)
(C++20)(C++20)
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(C++17)

Sorting and related operations
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(on partitioned ranges)
lower_bound
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Defined in header <algorithm>
template< class ForwardIt, class T >
ForwardIt lower_bound( ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last, const T& value );
(1) (constexpr since C++20)
template< class ForwardIt, class T, class Compare >

ForwardIt lower_bound( ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last, const T& value,

                       Compare comp );
(2) (constexpr since C++20)

Searches for the first element in the partitioned range [firstlast) which is not ordered before value.

1) The order is determined by operator<:

Returns the first iterator iter in [firstlast) where bool(*iter < value) is false, or last if no such iter exists.

If the elements elem of [firstlast) are not partitioned with respect to the expression bool(elem < value), the behavior is undefined.

(until C++20)

Equivalent to std::lower_bound(first, last, value, std::less{}).

(since C++20)
2) The order is determined by comp:
Returns the first iterator iter in [firstlast) where bool(comp(*iter, value)) is false, or last if no such iter exists.
If the elements elem of [firstlast) are not partitioned with respect to the expression bool(comp(elem, value)), the behavior is undefined.

Contents

[edit] Parameters

first, last - the partitioned range of elements to examine
value - value to compare the elements to
comp - binary predicate which returns ​true if the first argument is ordered before the second.

The signature of the predicate function should be equivalent to the following:

 bool pred(const Type1 &a, const Type2 &b);

While the signature does not need to have const &, the function must not modify the objects passed to it and must be able to accept all values of type (possibly const) Type1 and Type2 regardless of value category (thus, Type1 & is not allowed, nor is Type1 unless for Type1 a move is equivalent to a copy(since C++11)).
The type Type1 must be such that an object of type ForwardIt can be dereferenced and then implicitly converted to Type1. The type Type2 must be such that an object of type T can be implicitly converted to Type2. ​

Type requirements
-
ForwardIt must meet the requirements of LegacyForwardIterator.
-
Compare must meet the requirements of BinaryPredicate. It is not required to satisfy Compare.

[edit] Return value

Iterator to the first element of the range [firstlast) not ordered before value, or last if no such element is found.

[edit] Complexity

The number of comparisons performed is logarithmic in the distance between first and last (at most log
2
(last - first) + O(1)
comparisons). However, for non-LegacyRandomAccessIterators, the number of iterator increments is linear. Notably, std::map, std::multimap, std::set, and std::multiset iterators are not random access, and so their member lower_bound functions should be preferred.

[edit] Notes

Although std::lower_bound only requires [firstlast) to be partitioned, this algorithm is usually used in the case where [firstlast) is sorted, so that the binary search is valid for any value.

Unlike std::binary_search, std::lower_bound does not require operator< or comp to be asymmetric (i.e., a < b and b < a always have different results). In fact, it does not even require value < *iter or comp(value, *iter) to be well-formed for any iterator iter in [firstlast).

[edit] Possible implementation

See also the implementations in libstdc++ and libc++.

lower_bound (1)
template<class ForwardIt, class T>
ForwardIt lower_bound(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last, const T& value)
{
    ForwardIt it;
    typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIt>::difference_type count, step;
    count = std::distance(first, last);
 
    while (count > 0)
    {
        it = first; 
        step = count / 2; 
        std::advance(it, step);
 
        if (*it < value)
        {
            first = ++it; 
            count -= step + 1; 
        }
        else
            count = step;
    }
 
    return first;
}
lower_bound (2)
template<class ForwardIt, class T, class Compare>
ForwardIt lower_bound(ForwardIt first, ForwardIt last, const T& value, Compare comp)
{
    ForwardIt it;
    typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIt>::difference_type count, step;
    count = std::distance(first, last);
 
    while (count > 0)
    {
        it = first;
        step = count / 2;
        std::advance(it, step);
 
        if (comp(*it, value))
        {
            first = ++it;
            count -= step + 1;
        }
        else
            count = step;
    }
 
    return first;
}

[edit] Example

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
 
struct PriceInfo { double price; };
 
int main()
{
    const std::vector<int> data{1, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6};
 
    for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i)
    {
        // Search for first element x such that i ≤ x
        auto lower = std::lower_bound(data.begin(), data.end(), i);
 
        std::cout << i << " ≤ ";
        lower != data.end()
            ? std::cout << *lower << " at index " << std::distance(data.begin(), lower)
            : std::cout << "not found";
        std::cout << '\n';
    }
 
    std::vector<PriceInfo> prices{{100.0}, {101.5}, {102.5}, {102.5}, {107.3}};
 
    for (const double to_find : {102.5, 110.2})
    {
        auto prc_info = std::lower_bound(prices.begin(), prices.end(), to_find,
            [](const PriceInfo& info, double value)
            {
                return info.price < value;
            });
 
        prc_info != prices.end()
            ? std::cout << prc_info->price << " at index " << prc_info - prices.begin()
            : std::cout << to_find << " not found";
        std::cout << '\n';
    }
}

Output:

0 ≤ 1 at index 0
1 ≤ 1 at index 0
2 ≤ 2 at index 1
3 ≤ 4 at index 2
4 ≤ 4 at index 2
5 ≤ 5 at index 3
6 ≤ 6 at index 5
7 ≤ not found
102.5 at index 2
110.2 not found

[edit] Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR Applied to Behavior as published Correct behavior
LWG 270 C++98 Compare was required to satisfy Compare and T was required
to be LessThanComparable (strict weak ordering required)
only a partitioning is required;
heterogeneous comparisons permitted
LWG 384 C++98 at most log(last - first) + 1 comparisons were allowed corrected to log
2
(last - first) + O(1)

[edit] See also

returns range of elements matching a specific key
(function template) [edit]
divides a range of elements into two groups
(function template) [edit]
locates the partition point of a partitioned range
(function template) [edit]
returns an iterator to the first element greater than a certain value
(function template) [edit]
returns an iterator to the first element not less than the given key
(public member function of std::set<Key,Compare,Allocator>) [edit]
returns an iterator to the first element not less than the given key
(public member function of std::multiset<Key,Compare,Allocator>) [edit]
returns an iterator to the first element not less than the given value
(niebloid)[edit]